Romanticism and Realism

Romanticism and Realism Romanticism: [pic] Francisco De Goya. â€Å"The Third of May 1808† Oil on Canvas – Imagination and emotion are more valuable than reason. The romantics championed the struggle for human liberty. They celebrated nature, rural life, common people, exotic subjects in art and literature. – Era: Industrial and French Revolutions – Technique: Dramatic scenes of nature or man and ideal landscapes. – Artists: Goya, Delacroix, Constable, Duncauson Realism: [pic] Gustave Courbet. â€Å"The Stone Breakers† Oil on Canvas Art should deal with human experience through observation, without exocticism, nostalgia or idealism. It offered the painter and the viewer humanity and insight into everyday world. †¢ Era: Industrial and French Rev †¢ Technique: Almost photographic and always portraying the dignity of ordinary people. †¢ Artists: Courbet, Bonheur, Eakins, Tanner, Daumier Impressionism and Expressionism Impressionis m: [pic] Claud Monet. â€Å"Impression: Sunrise† Oil on Canvas †¢ Concern themselves with visual issues. They paint what the eye sees rather than what the mind knows. The effects of light on a subject is emphasized. †¢ Era: Development of camera †¢ Tech: Small dabs of color that appears as separate strokes of paint when seen close up. Yet with distance, one sees uniform subjects. †¢ Artists: Money, Renoir, Cassatt, Morisst Expressionism: [pic] Ernst Ludwig Kirchner. â€Å"Street, Berlin† Oil on Canvas †¢ General term for art that emphasizes inner feelings and emotions over subject depiction such as: sorrow, passion, spiritual and mysticism. †¢ Era: 1910-34 World War I †¢ Tech: Emphasis on color intensity as a means to express a mood. Artists: Kirchner, Kandinsky, Nolde, Kollowitz Surrealism and Cubism Surrealism: [pic]Joan Miro. â€Å"Woman Haunted by the Passage of the Dragonfly, Bird of Bad Omen† Oil on Canvas †¢ The belief that the unconscious mind is a higher reality than the conscious mind. The painters/ artists goal was to make visible the imagery of the unconscious. †¢ Era: 1920-40 (Sigm und Freud, manuscript was published) †¢ Tech: dreamlike imagery affected by color was most important to the work. †¢ Artists: Dale, Miro, Magritte, Kahlo Cubism: [pic] Pablo Picasso. Les Demoiselles D’avignon† Oil on Canvas †¢ Reconstruction of objects based on geometric shapes †¢ Era: a mechanized world. Industry simplified forms †¢ Tech: simplified surfaces and shapes; Fractured angular figures or landscapes †¢ Artists: Picasso and Braque Abstract Expressionism and Pop Art Abstract Expressionism: [pic] Jackson Pollock. â€Å"Autumn Rhythm† Oil on Canvas †¢ Artists expressed in their work a balance between spontaneity andformal structure. Individual expression is emphasized. †¢ Era: 1948-65 America after WWII Tech: use of color to influence mood and the energy of the artist is prominent. †¢ Artists: De Kooning, Pollock, Rothko Pop Art: [pic] Roy Lichtenstein. â€Å"Drowning Girl† Oil on synthetic polymer paint on canvas. †¢ Deals with commercially driven â€Å"mass culture†. Commercial art is the inspiration for pop art. †¢ Era: flower generation †¢ Tech: artists created cool mechanical images using photographic screen printing and airbrush tech to achieve the look of advertising imagery but used it on canvas. †¢ Artists: Warhol, Hamilton, Lichtenstein, Rosenquist. Romanticism and Realism Romanticism and Realism Romanticism is the idealism for a better world. Writers believe that they can portray their beliefs and emotions though their writing. They hoped that this would encourage the people of the world to become something more than what they are now. They valued the human imagination and imposed emphasis on individual freedom and political restraints. They also had a great interest in the middle ages. The emphases on emotion lead to Dark Romanticism such as the poetry by Edgar Allan Poe.Poe wrote with extreme emotion about death and the loss. While realism s more about the attempt to represent events and social conditions as they are. There is no idealization of events instead writers attempt to be as factual as possible. Writers of this form of literature stress reality over fantasy. They value the attention to detail and an effort to recreate the true nature of reality. This is the reason that most realist literature is written according to the time period of the writer.It is not to say that what realist writes is a true story exactly but rather it is to convey what is happening in the world at that moment in time. They write about the hardship and the malice with no sugarcoating of events but rather the brutal truth. The individual is an important aspect in the writing of romanticism. The writers view the individual as an important part of society. They reject authority and look to have self reliance. There is no need to have society accept them in order to have the life that they want.Emerson wrote â€Å"Great man is he who in the midst of the crowd keeps with perfect sweetness the independence of solitude† giving credence that social acceptance is not needed (Emerson 578). While in realism the individual idealism is not as important as the realistic portrayal of the individual and the society. Realistic writers write about how self reliance is portrayed in society. Whether it is oppressed or whether it was achieved. Chopin writes a bout self reliance as an aspect that the American women at the time have not been able to achieve to its fullest.Instead self-reliance is something that eludes women due to the social hierarchy that has been established for centuries. In both romanticism and realism pride is a preemptor to the loss of whatever good is one's life. In while in romanticism this is portrayed with exaggeration of potions ND death in â€Å"The Birthmark† by Nathaniel Hawthorne. Realist writers such as Chopin use real situations of slave owners and the issue of race in their lives.Government and politics has been a subject in literature for a long time. In realism it is the description of the governments and the actions taken by them. It is about the truth of what that the political machine has done to the world. There is no idealism as there is in Romanticism. Politics in romanticist writing is about the hope for a better society. Their way of achieving this betterment is also a part of the romanti cism in the literature. GOD By hoosegow

Management Role in Ensuring Editorial Freedom

Responsibility, credibility and quality are key words for a large, serious media group. This applies in relation to the users of our media, customers, employees, shareholders and the societies in which we work. At the forefront, however, is the publishing responsibility: to safeguard editorial independence and freedom of speech in the media which we own. Free media are among the main contributors to strong, live democracies. A credible, strong media should defend important values such as religious freedom, tolerance, human rights and democratic principles. They must reflect a diversity of opinion. For this reason, they should also provide different ways of looking at issues and views on important questions in public debates. The management must facilitate editors in complying with the legislation and ethical regulations of the country where the operations take place. Editorial quality and credibility are the cornerstone of publishing activities and these, together with the individual medium’s articles of association, form the basis for the editors’ work. The editor-in-chief has full freedom and is personally and fully responsible for the content of the medium of which he or she is in charge. However, there are only few publications that allow their editors with total freedom. In reality, an independent press is a myth. Or at best, a glorified term. Most editors dare not write their honest comment/opinion. In other words, they are sometimes paid to keep their honest opinions out of the paper. And if they do defy the management, they would soon be out on the streets hunting for a new job. Most managements have vested interests – political, social and cultural in running the paper, which may not gel with the opinions held by the editors they employ. It is here that the editors have to either compromise with their editorial values or pay a price for standing up to them. In private, corporate media environments, editorial hiring and firing are the preserve of the owners. Media houses (read owners) have become highly profit-oriented organizations. So editorial values are always at stake Distortion of news and comment in such a scenario becomes the order of the day. Most owners hand-pick their editors so that the policy of the owner becomes the policy of the editor. Dissent is seldom allowed It is media owners who possess the greater weapon today – i. e. , one useful against incumbent politicians fearful of bad press, lack of access, and endorsement of opponents. This sorry, quid-pro-quo, relationship leads to media corruption, benefitting only the ruling, corporate, class. Managements giving complete editorial freedom is therefore rare. But any newspaper which enjoys more flexibility and freedom from their management, has the potential to make greater impact and live up to the reputation of a frank, fair and fearless media. Today's concentration of media ownership and editorial power brings into sharp focus not only the immense responsibility, but also the freedom and estate of editors – in particular those with huge audiences. Yet it is major-media owners, and their hand-picked editors, who decide what the vast majority see, hear, and read. Media owners and their editors have become the unelected, and unregulated, keepers of the public trust and molders of the public mind.

Argument Paper on Abusive Families

There is a controversy that children decide whether they should be removed from multiple fighters' strikes at their mother's home and children witness these crimes, but their fathers will not abuse their children. In my opinion, families of domestic violence, whether participating or not, must be removed from their families at once. Parents need to support their children and ensure that the children are safe in a happy, safe and loving environment at home. Household domestic violence and abuse are permanent problems of society. Domestic violence tends to be hidden by emotion, not by being classified as abuse by the victim until it becomes a problem of recurrence. In fact, most of the unreported violence is due to the desire of the victim to protect the criminal. Media often creates news articles and articles on the most sensitive cases of domestic violence. Violence and abuse are one of the most troublesome tasks the family faces today. Abuses may occur between spouses, between paren ts and children, and among other families. Since many cases of spousal abuse and child abuse have not been reported, it is difficult to determine the frequency of domestic violence. In any case, research indicates that abuse (reporting or not) has a major impact on the family and society as a whole. Domestic violence is a major social problem in the United States. It is often said that violence is among families and families, especially spouses. Family sociologists have created the term intimate partner violence (IPV) in order to include unmarried, living together, same-sex couples. Women are the main victims of intimate partner violence. It is estimated that one quarter of women experienced some form of IPV in their lives (compared to one in seven females) (Catalano 2007) Definition of Domestic Violence * Domestic violence is the abuse of power, trust or dependence in the family and risks the survival, safety or happiness of others. This includes a variety of abuses such as spousal abuse, abuses and classes of the elderly, child abuse and school, child abuse, parent abuse, testimony to others in the family. Domestic violence includes some or all of physical abuse, psychological abuse, crime harassment / pursuit, abuse, sexual abuse, economic abuse and spiritual abuse. There are many kinds of domestic violence. Partners, carers or families cause control, domination, or fear of violence, abuse or intimidation. It is not necessarily physical abuse. There are emotional, psychological, economic, sexual, or other kinds of abuse (including animal cruelty against pets, damage to individuals and common property). Children living in connection with abuse acts are considered to be at risk of being harmed by direct or indirect harm by witnessing the abuse of their parents or carers. Children living in families of domestic violence or domestic violence are at higher risk of sexual abuse. Continued abuse and even such abuses can lead to serious problems affecting children' s personal, healthy, educational, and social development Argument Paper on Abusive Families There is a controversy that children decide whether they should be removed from multiple fighters' strikes at their mother's home and children witness these crimes, but their fathers will not abuse their children. In my opinion, families of domestic violence, whether participating or not, must be removed from their families at once. Parents need to support their children and ensure that the children are safe in a happy, safe and loving environment at home. Household domestic violence and abuse are permanent problems of society. Domestic violence tends to be hidden by emotion, not by being classified as abuse by the victim until it becomes a problem of recurrence. In fact, most of the unreported violence is due to the desire of the victim to protect the criminal. Media often creates news articles and articles on the most sensitive cases of domestic violence. Violence and abuse are one of the most troublesome tasks the family faces today. Abuses may occur between spouses, between paren ts and children, and among other families. Since many cases of spousal abuse and child abuse have not been reported, it is difficult to determine the frequency of domestic violence. In any case, research indicates that abuse (reporting or not) has a major impact on the family and society as a whole. Domestic violence is a major social problem in the United States. It is often said that violence is among families and families, especially spouses. Family sociologists have created the term intimate partner violence (IPV) in order to include unmarried, living together, same-sex couples. Women are the main victims of intimate partner violence. It is estimated that one quarter of women experienced some form of IPV in their lives (compared to one in seven females) (Catalano 2007) Definition of Domestic Violence * Domestic violence is the abuse of power, trust or dependence in the family and risks the survival, safety or happiness of others. This includes a variety of abuses such as spousal abuse, abuses and classes of the elderly, child abuse and school, child abuse, parent abuse, testimony to others in the family. Domestic violence includes some or all of physical abuse, psychological abuse, crime harassment / pursuit, abuse, sexual abuse, economic abuse and spiritual abuse. There are many kinds of domestic violence. Partners, carers or families cause control, domination, or fear of violence, abuse or intimidation. It is not necessarily physical abuse. There are emotional, psychological, economic, sexual, or other kinds of abuse (including animal cruelty against pets, damage to individuals and common property). Children living in connection with abuse acts are considered to be at risk of being harmed by direct or indirect harm by witnessing the abuse of their parents or carers. Children living in families of domestic violence or domestic violence are at higher risk of sexual abuse. Continued abuse and even such abuses can lead to serious problems affecting children' s personal, healthy, educational, and social development

Analysis of Saudi Mutual Funds Regression Results Speech or Presentation

Analysis of Saudi Mutual Funds Regression Results - Speech or Presentation Example The significant predictors are MSCI Asia Equity Index, b = 0.1971, p It is also worth mentioning that the other four benchmarks namely, MSCI North America Equity Index, MSCI Europe Equity Index, Saudi Large-cap Growth Equity Portfolio Returns, Citigroup/Salomon Brothers World Money Market (one-month) Index, are not statistically significant predictors of total weekly returns. It can be interpreted to mean that whatever effect these benchmarks seemed to have on total weekly returns are not supported by any statistical evidence. Rather, these effects may simply be due to chance. In addition, the constant coefficient is also not significant. Upon closer inspection of the values of the coefficients of the twelve benchmarks, it can be observed that there are six positive predictors and two negative predictors of total weekly returns. The positive predictors are MSCI Asia Equity Index, MSCI GCC ex-Saudi Arabia Equity Index, Barclays Capital / Lehman Brothers Global Corporate Bond Index, Saudi Large-cap Value Equity Portfolio Returns, Saudi Small-cap Equity Portfolio Returns, and S & P / Goldman Sachs Commodity Index. This means that as these benchmarks become higher, total weekly returns generated by Saudi mutual funds also becomes higher. Furthermore, among these positive predictors, it can be seen that Barclays Capital / Lehman Brothers Global Corporate Bond Index has the highest effect of all, contributing

Movement of goods and services across borders, trade blocks (within Essay

Movement of goods and services across borders, trade blocks (within Europe) - Essay Example The aim of the European Union was to develop a single market in Europe and enhance a free movement of goods and services from one country to another within the Union. The European Union also plays a significant role in enacting laws regarding home affairs and justice, maintaining common trade policies, and allowing free movement of people and capital. The internal goods and services market in Europe has become an essential part of EU’s success, and it is the main catalyst for economic growth in the region. Through the European Union, most of the barriers to free movement of goods and services have been eliminated. According to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), goods and services are defined as anything that is capable of forming the subject of commercial transaction. They include anything that has economic value and can be valued in terms of money. Things such as artworks, coins no longer in circulation, electricity, natural gas, bank notes and bearer notes have economic value that can be measured in monetary terms. Therefore, they can all be classified as goods. However, donation in kind and television signals is not considered as goods. In terms of distinction between goods and services, goods are tangible while services are intangible. For example, fishes are goods while fishing rights are serv ices. The free movement of goods and services is usually affected by barriers to trade. Article 34 of the Treaty on the Functioning of European Union (TFEU) provides guidelines on the obstacles to trade between member states. The article is used as a right of defense against measures developed on the national level to create unjustified barriers to entry or exit of goods and services to and out of member states (Woods, 2004). Activity of the state that may infringe section 34 of TFEU leads to prohibited obstacle to the free movement of goods and services. An administrative practice on the part of member

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Business Ethics - Essay Example The organization is headquartered at Canary Wharf, London, United Kingdom. HSBC Holdings Plc was founded by Sir Thomas Sutherland in the year 1865. Officially HSBC Holdings Plc was established during the year 1991. Forbes magazine has announced HSBC as 6th largest publicly traded organization. Intraday market capitalization of the company is $122.65 billion (Yahoo Finance, 2012). Product & Service Mix HSBC focuses on delivering various services like investment banking services, retail banking services, global private banking and wealth management. The company has emerged as one of the leading banking service provider internationally. Company products comprises of long term and short term loans, current and savings account, insurance schemes, credit cards, fixed deposits and advisory services. Brief SWOT Analysis Strength Weakness The bank has established global scale operation and prolonged international network. The company has created strong cash reserve ratio which helps them to d iversify business operation HSBC has reduced volatility of cash flow by using diversified revenue mix. Strong financial muscles of HSBC have helped them to create sustainable corporate strategy. The bank has experienced not only asset quality deterioration but profit margin shrinkage also. Market capitalization of HSBC has declined due to poor performance of SBUs. HSBC has low control over unlawful activities like money laundering in the currency trading process Opportunities Threat HSBC has the opportunity to increase enterprise value by controlling existing portfolio. HSBC can expand business in emerging market such as Asia and Latin America. They can increase market share by focusing on low interest mortgage business. Entering emerging market will not be easy for HSBC due to strict regulatory framework of countries like India (Reserve bank of India) and China. Retail deposit might increase funding cost for HSBC in near future (Source: HSBC, 2011) Business Ethics Business ethics h as evolved as a significant management concern for organizations in present time. Many organizations in USA have understood the importance of business ethics and have therefore designed ethical assistance lines for employees to report business and ethical concern to top level management. Following diagram can be used to understand importance of ethical assistance lines for organizations. (Source: Ferrell, Fraedrich, and Ferrell, 2012, p.222) Academic scholars have dissected business ethics into two parts like Descriptive Business Ethics (morality of a business is justified by ethical rules for fair trade policy in this model) and Normative Business Ethics (this is a supportive model which specifies after work required decreasing or discouraging unfair trade practices). Business ethics covers variety of issues like political situation, legal framework of the system, economic responsibility and moral values of business organization (Brenkert, 2004, p. 188). Research scholars have poin ted out that business ethics can work in multidimensional manner in order to fulfil various organizational issues. Hooker has underpinned following guidelines for business ethics. Organizations need to establish a transparent and fair incentive and remuneration structure for top level executives. Organizations need to follow government rule in order to discourage stakeholders from doing illegal activities Leading companies should encourage healthy competition by allowing small firms to enter in business environment.

Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Research Paper Example SAS did not look back from then onwards. Continuous research and development helped the software achieve new milestones in the industry with the ability of the software to run on different platforms and across multivendor system architecture, which it is still famous for. One interesting point worth mentioning here is that the company kept on expanding and becoming more and more global each day, the internal corporate cultures and values have remained the same throughout. It is a privately help company. The solutions provided by the company have helped client organizations innovate and improve their performance. The company motto is ‘The power to know’ and this is what they do for their customers, they help the customers make better, informed decisions. The company proudly states that they impact every single person every day they believe that they have role in the daily lives of everyone. SAS has been able to help organizations utilize the greatest and most powerful ass et they possess, the data and has helped them in turning it into useful information. SAS is uses at more than 50,000 sites in more than 100 countries around the globe including the 93 out of the top 100 Companies on the Fortune 500 Global list of 2010 (About SAS, 2011). Right from its birth, the company had a unique organizational culture. They had instilled a unique value within the employees of the organizations that the business of doing business is everyone’s job. An example of this approach is back in the early days, when a shipment of user manuals came, everyone stopped whatever they were doing and formed a human chain to ship those manuals to the storage space on the second floor. The company always maintained their focus on the customers right from the start. They had employees listened to the customers and tried to answer their queries and take their suggestions into consideration. Emphasis on the satisfaction of employees was as important as customer satisfaction. T he company offered a flexible work environment and a employee-friendly culture and it did so right from its start and has maintained its trademark up till now. They have also gained continuous recognition from FORTUNE, Working Mother, BusinessWeek, and Mother Jones Magazines for their great work place environment. Not only the company managed to maintain a great work culture at its head office, it has also managed to do the same while earning recognition for it at the same time. In 1999, SAS Australia was the first office outside USA to be recognized as a great place to work. Other offices around the world also started getting recognition for the same reason later on. In USA, SAS has been consistently in the list of â€Å"100 Best Companies to Work for† since 1998 and it was named no. 1 in the same list during 2010 and 2011. The above-mentioned statistics and information highlight the success of the company from the time it came into being. Several factors are responsible for making a corporation successful. SAS has emphasized and implemented certain strategies and indulged into a work culture that has made it largest privately held software company and the no. 1 employer in the United States. Critical Success Factors SAS CEO, Jim Goodnight regards employees as their most valuable assets and this has clearly been one of the main reason behind their exceptional success in the past 35 years of their existence (Culture, 2011). Several changes have evolved in the business model as well as the employee

Private International Law (Conflicts of Law) Problem Question Essay

Private International Law (Conflicts of Law) Problem Question - Essay Example It could be argued that because Chris has an office in London, the English jurisdiction applies in this case. This is because he is a domicile member. He rents the office not on temporary but permanent basis. In this case, English jurisdiction applies because Companies Act 2006 states that England can sue overseas companies if one of the parties in the case has offices located in England.1 The traditional rules govern foreign enterprises in this case. What is more, they are derived from Article 5(5). Companies Act 2006 also applies in this case; because Bratwurst GmbH and Havana entered into a contract, and was to sell some of their products in England; the England laws, therefore, govern the whole enterprise as well.2 The foreign company is this case has set shop in England as well, therefore the case can be determined by the English jurisdiction. Havana has the option of depending on the Companies Act. They have a right to do business in any place within the English Jurisdiction. Whether the company is legally registered in England or not, English courts have jurisdiction because Chris is involved and he has offices in London, England. An important law, CPR 6 states that whether a business takes a few days or the England is a market for the commodities produced; the English jurisdiction shall apply.3 In this case, the complainant, Havana, has lenient choices. The fact that in the original agreement the Spanish jurisdiction would apply is overridden. Naturally, English jurisdiction would have failed to apply because the complainant is not from England. However, he is allowed by law to request for an English jurisdiction. Despite the fact that both parties agreed to have a Spanish jurisdiction, the English jurisdiction still applies because the agreement was just mutual (oral). There was no written and legally binding agreement. Forum nonconvenience allows the claimant (Havana) the right to choose where he thinks it is convenient to have

Psychological theories relating to Frankenstein (Mary Shelley's Case Study

Psychological theories relating to Frankenstein (Mary Shelley's Frankenstein) - Case Study Example Although Frankenstein has been noted for its treatment of the philosophical, mythological, scientific, and feminist questions, it is fundamental to realize that the novel also undertakes an in-depth study of the psychology of mind, human nature and, most significantly, alienation. The offers an important case of reference to an analysis into how human brain creates one’s mental world and the novelist portrays the images of her politico-cultural world and value system through the characters of the novel. Significantly, Mary Shelley has been greatly novel effective in unleashing the images of her mental world into the intellectual sphere of her novel in a subjective, complex and problematic way and establishes the relationship between the theories of the mind and the motivations of the characters. â€Å"Mary Shelley translates politics into psychology. She uses revolutionary symbolism†¦ Her characters reenact earlier political polemics on the level of personal psychology.à ¢â‚¬  (Sterrenburg, 144) Therefore, a reflective analysis of the novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelley corroborates that the motivations of the characters in the novel are directed by the mental world of the novelist. Psychological theories dealing with the working of human mind can be greatly useful in comprehending the construction of a literary work, especially the characterization of a novel. ... In order to comprehend the theories of mind in relation to the motivations of the characters in the novel, it is essential to realize the philosophical context of the work which is suggested by the theory of the ‘tabula rasa’ or ‘clean slate’. â€Å"This theory, held by the Empiricists, maintains that the mind, at the beginning of a person’s life, is empty; after birth, the senses receive impressions and are able to formulate ideas.† (Joshua, 25) The mental world of the novelist created by the socio-cultural and political images of her contemporary situation was crucial in the creation of the major characters in the novel. Significantly, the major characters of the novel, the young student of science and the monster created by him, offer a crucial example of how the mental world is linked to character-motivations. An investigation into the complex and multifaceted personalities of Frankenstein and the creature is essential in realizing the moti ves of these characters as the making of their mental world. Similarly, every significant question concerning science and society as discussed in the novel brings out this crucial link between the motivation of the character and their mental world. In a profound understanding of Mary Shelley’s creation account in the novel, it becomes lucid that the mental world of the creator has a great influence on the motivations of his creation. Thus, the mythic ambiguity of the central characters, Victor Frankenstein and the creature, points to the underlying moral ambiguity of the story. In Shelley’s creation account, neither the creator nor the creature in his rebellion has morally pure motivation. This characteristic feature of the novel corresponds to the link between the mind and the motivations

Measurement Of Concrete Workability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Measurement Of Concrete Workability - Essay Example The volume of water affects the density of the concrete. The more the water content, the greater the workability of the concrete. High contents of water results in higher fluidity and hence better workability. An increase in the water/cement ratio decreases the compressive strength of the concrete. Large water/cement ratios increase the fluidity of the mixture and this can even cause the concrete to collapse. The method of curing used also affects the strength of the compressive strength of the mixture. All methods except the air curing method increase the compressive strength. Characteristic strength is used since it is normally based on statistical concepts as it is the strength below which no more than 5 % of all the cubes that have been tested from the concrete mixture will fall. It is expected that 95 % of all the cube samples will have strength in excess of the design characteristic strength. The practicality of placing concrete into a tightly spaced mold containing reinforceme nt is limited by the process of casting the concrete and the cost of performing this operation. In order to achieve a good compaction, vibration is done on the concrete mix using a screed board vibrator. This removes the air spaces present in the mixture. The amount of water available in the mix improves the workability of the concrete. The greater the content of water, the greater the workability of the concrete. High contents of water usually result in higher fluidity and hence better workability.

How satisfactory is this view of Wolseys position as Henry VIIIs Minister Essay Example for Free

How satisfactory is this view of Wolseys position as Henry VIIIs Minister Essay Thomas Wolsey rose from being the lowly son of a butcher, through various posts in the royal service, to become Lord Chancellor in December 1515, and remained at the pinnacle of the Kings service until his fall in October 1529. To stay in power for so long, it needs to be established whether he spent his time as a servant to the King, or as a authority in his own right. Historian G.R.Elton stated that, He had lasted so long because he knew how to promote himself, and for most of the time, he knew how to keep henry satisfied. Eltons words indicate what I believe are the two main factors in studying Wolseys ministry how he served the King, and how much he did for himself. It is my opinion that Wolsey, despite his plentiful policy in areas of little interest to the King like social and governmental reform, remained so prominent in the Kings service due to his ability to serve the King, allowing Henry to live life as a young Renaissance Prince. The King also felt relatively safe giving such power to Wolsey, as he didnt pose a threat to his throne in the way that some nobles or those of royal blood may have posed. However nature of the relationship between Henry and Wolsey was unusual, as it was not like the archetypal master-servant relationship. In some of his letters to Wolsey, Henry signed off as your loving friend and master, or referred to hims as father in the spiritual sense of the word. George Cavendish, a contemporary, and Wolseys butler said The king displayed a most loving disposition towards him, especially as he was most earnest and readiest among all the council to advance the Kings mere will and pleasure. The friendship seemed to work both ways, and although it has been suggested that Henry took Hampton Court by force, I am in agreement with most historians that Wolsey gave it to Henry as a gift. To judge the extent to which Wolsey did serve his master, it is necessary to analyse Wolseys work, and discover the true aim behind each of his major areas of policy. In studying Wolseys domestic policy, one must establish Henrys role in this area, and in particular, what he wanted done and how much of it he was willing to do himself. As Henry was not the first son of his father Henry VII, he had not received the same royal training that his older brother Arthur had done, thus he had never really developed an interest in royal domestic affairs. While Henry VII chose to rule the country himself, Henry VIII saw ruling his country as delegating jobs to other people so he could live a youthful life, spending time hunting and enjoying himself with other men of his age. His lack of interest in day-to-day administrative affairs left a void to be filled, so the arrival in the his service of someone who not only excelled in the field, but was willing to serve his every need seems to have been the main reason for the King to keep Wolsey. As Lord Chancellor, Wolsey was effectively head of the legal system. However, as I established previously, Henrys interest in fields such as this was limited, so he gave Wolsey power to do what he pleased (but he did have to approve Wolseys reform before it was implemented). Wolsey became a contriver of many policies of reform in the legal system, notably with his personal service in the Court of Chancery, increasing the administering of law of equity as opposed to common law, and with his revision of the role of Star Chamber in 1516, so that it would dispense justice and oversee fairness in the legal system. The question we need to ask is how much of this was done for the King, and how much did Wolsey do of his own accord, as arguments can be established for either opinion. By sitting in on the Court of Chancery, Wolsey was taking on a lot of unnecessary extra work, and his enforcement of equity (which was seen as dangerously close to Roman Law) is evidence to suggest that Wolsey allegiance may not have only lain with Henry, but with the Pope as well. However, Wolsey himself had little or no legal training, and the work he carried out was rather early in his ministry, which suggests that is ultimate aim was to please the King by offering him exciting new plans of reform to keep him happy. Also, the work he carried out in Star Chamber was demanded of him by Henry. It is my personal opinion that Wolseys needed to maintain the Kings interest and appear as though he was working directly to serve the King, and this seems to have been his main priority, as this was the key to remaining in the Kings favour. Wolseys background lay in religion rather than in law, so it seemed that anything policy he would implement would be more likely to reflect his own personal desires, rather than as a service to the King. In 1514, he was made Archbishop of York, and in 1518, he was promoted to Papal Legate (a position which was conferred on him for life in 1524), effectively making him the most powerful man in the church. The important question is that when serving the Pope in England, would he be acting for himself (and the Pope) or his master, the King? Wolseys first major policy in the church was the defence of Benefit of Clergy. In the 1515 Parliament. This itself was a bold move for Wolsey, as he had only recently been given power, and to defend something that both King and Parliament didnt approve of meant losing popularity. Nevertheless, Wolsey knelt to Henry to assure him that his power was totally unthreatened by the church. This evidence suggests that Wolsey may not have necessarily wanted to do everything that the King wanted, and he seemed to have some power of refusal over the King himself. In the church, we also witness Wolseys collection of offices, wealth and power, which we can hardly regard as a service to the King. His offices included Bishop of Durham and Winchester, Abbot of St Albans (one of the richest abbeys in England), as well his previous offices as Archbishop of York, Papal Legate and Lord Chancellor, providing examples of pluralism. He even charged clergy to carry out duties which he could not fulfil, in a gross example of non-residence. He derived a huge income from all of the above while maintaining power, placing him in a unique position, and freeing him up to serve the King in other ways. One third of land in England belonged to the church, and this seemed to be the one of the few aspects of the church that Henry himself was displeased with, thus it can be said that the dissolution of 30 monasteries between 1524-9 would have theoretically been done for the King. In practice, Wolsey kept a great deal of the revenue from the monasteries, diverting it to his school in Ipswich and his college at Oxford. Social reform was one of the areas of domestic policy that least concerned the King, so it seems likely that most of Wolseys action in this field would not be in service to the King. His attempt to reduce the injustice of enclosures and engrossing via the Enclosure Commission of 1517-9 was clearly of little consequence to the King, and was more likely to be an area of policy where the King gave Wolsey freedom to implement his own policy. The fact that Wolsey carried out policies for which there is little evidence of any involvement on Henrys part suggests that Wolsey may have been more than just a servant to Henry. Wolseys immense activity in financial policy corresponds with Henrys desire for money to carry out foreign expeditions against the French. The Act of Resumption of 1515, the Subsidies of 1513-5 and 1523, the Forced Loan of 1523 all reduced his popularity, but managed to quench Henrys desire for money. However, Wolsey was seen to go one step too far to please his master in 1525, in asking for the Amicable Grant, while the forced loan of 1523 was still being collected. The country reached a state of near-rebellion, and more serious disturbances occurred in London, East Anglia and Kent. It was at this stage when the relationship between Henry and Wolsey faced its first major attack, and Henry blamed the whole fiasco on Wolsey to save himself. Wolsey himself had largely been opposed to his attempts to raise extra revenue for the King, yet he had been acting as the Kings servant, doing his bidding. To Henry, Wolsey was to act as a scapegoat in situations where things went wrong. The other area of domestic policy in which conflict arose between Henry and Wolsey was in the Eltham Ordinances of 1526. Wolsey had been struggling to eliminate those who may have influenced the King. In 1518, he had attempted to expel Henrys minions or young favourites, but his governmental reform as he called it, was reversed by Henry, indicating some tension, but more importantly indicating to Wolsey that he could not consider overpowering the King. It was in the Ordinances of 1526 that Wolsey again went too far. In another bout of governmental reform, he was able to reduce the number of Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber from 12 to 6, and he removed enemies such as William Compton, the groom of the stool. The resultant lack of advisors around Henry angered him, and he was well aware that Wolsey was the cause of his seclusion. Wolsey had emerged as a competent organiser during the 1512-3 French campaign, and also organised the peace with France in 1514, proving himself to Henry as effective in diplomacy as well. Clearly, Henry was a king who sought glory, and was full of dynastic ambition. He wanted England to be as influential in European affairs as it had been in the time of Henry V. His jealousy of his French rival, Francis I meant that he would be seeking alliances against his traditional opponent. Wolsey on the other hand was a man of humanist tendencies, sought glory in diplomacy through his desire to become the peacemaker of Europe. The Venetian Ambassador at the time stated that Nothing pleases him more than to be called the arbiter of the affairs of Christendom. In 1516, Henry wanted to renew his campaign against the French alongside the new leader of Spain, Charles V, but Wolsey managed to convince him to join a coalition against French action in Italy instead. Henry clearly trusted Wolsey sufficiently to trust his advice in this are, indicating that he held more importance than that of just a servant. One aspect of Henrys personal policy is also revealing at this stage as to his relationship with Wolsey. In 1518, Pope Leo X was expressing some concern as to the advance of the Ottoman Empire into Europe, and sent cardinals around Europe to organise a unification of Christendom against them. Henry used his desperation to his advantage, refusing entry to Cardinal Campeggio, the embassy, unless Wolsey was made legate a latere (papal legate), to which the Pope agreed. In this action, Henry can be seen to have depended somewhat on Wolsey, as he was essential to Henry in maintaining some degree of control over the church in England. Wolsey, seeing an opportunity to fulfil his personal aims, took diplomatic control of the Popes mission, and turned it into an international peace conference of more than 20 countries in London. The resultant Treaty Of London was signed in October 1518, and served as a great achievement for Wolsey. It not only brought together the great powers of Europe in a universal and perpetual peace, but also put England at the centre of European affairs. More importantly, Wolsey had not needed to compromise the wishes of his master to achieve his role of peacemaker, as the treaty also allowed Englands standing in Europe to improve, which was one of Henrys major priorities. Wolsey carried out more diplomacy to serve the King two days later, in an Anglo-French treaty in which a marriage between the Dauphin and Henrys daughter Princess Mary was proposed. Henry was getting his most important desires fulfilled, and foreign affairs seemed to be going exceptionally well for Henry and Wolsey, until the death of the Holy Roman Emperor Maximillian, which saw Charles V become the new emperor, and imminent conflict between the newly strengthened Charles and Francis I, would see the destruction of the glorious Treaty of London. In 1520, Wolseys service to his King in foreign policy continued, and faced with both sides of the conflict courting the support of England, he organised the splendorous meeting between Francis and Henry at the Field of the Cloth of Gold, which would have seemed like the beginning of a grand peace between the two countries. However, Wolsey had to sacrifice his role as peacemaker to appease Henrys desire to benefit from the inevitable war, and at the Treaty of Bruges in August 1521, Wolsey served the Kings cause further by providing the possibility that Charles may marry the 8 yr old Princess Mary who Henry desperately wanted to marry off. The war itself provided no real success for England, and only further marginalized England as a minor power in Europe. Against Wolseys desire, Henry wanted to fight on during 1523, and Wolsey was obliged to carry out his duty, in the way that any servant would, and England only met further wartime embarrassment. Despite Henrys hopes of campaigning in 1524, Wolsey managed to convince Henry otherwise, and in the following year, Wolsey took the bold step of instigating a peace with France, and the Treaty of the More was signed in August 1525, and now, a force to face the might of Charles had begun. Wolsey began to slip back into his comfortable role as peacemaker, orchestrating the League of Cognac between France and the Papal States (Wolsey made England abstain from joining, so that England remained peaceful). Another Wolsey-organised treaty was made in April 1527 between France and England in the Treaty of Westminster, which declared perpetual Anglo-French peace, promised Francis second son to Princess Mary and threatened Charles with war if he didnt join the peace. England was back at the forefront of English politics, thanks to Wolseys redemption from Henrys war failures. However, this grew inconsequential, and just as Wolsey done what Henry wanted in foreign affairs, Henrys desire for divo rce grew urgent. Wolsey could reasonably expect to stay in power as long as he kept carrying out the Kings wishes, and despite his unpopularity and court faction working against him, it is clear that his inability to get Henry his divorce led to his downfall. Henrys new love Anne Boleyn managed to convince Henry that Wolsey had no use any more he couldnt get a divorce and he hadnt secured the Kings succession. In general, his service was no longer required, and historian John Guy concludes that Wolsey was destroyed because he had become a liability in the eyes of the king and was expendable. This has fundamental implications for reassessing his relationship with Henry. Guy is correct is saying that this sheds new light on the nature of the relationship between the two men, and suddenly, Henrys regard for Wolsey as a loving friend became trivial. This essay has been able to establish that the majority of Wolseys policy was executed in service to the King. Wolsey may have acted for his own interest in certain areas such as the church and social reform, but this was only because of Henrys lack on interest in the fields, and the trust that he placed in Wolseys service. I am therefore able to conclude that theoretically, Wolsey was the Kings Servant. However, I say theoretically, because although Wolsey was a servant to Henry in his actions, the image created by the word seems to extreme for Wolsey. I believe that the relationship between Henry and Wolsey was strong and full of friendship when Wolsey did what was required of him. In reality, everyone in the kingdom was a servant to the King, and many people wanted to serve him more to gain more influence. In light of this, although he was a servant, it appears to me that the word servant underestimates the immense of power that he had, despite the fact that the power was given to him by the King, and many other more complimentary words can be used to describe the importance of Wolsey to the King. Nevertheless Wolsey, as a minister, remained a servant to Henry throughout his time in power, and devoted the majority of his policy to the Kings service.

Kantian ethics Essay Example for Free

Kantian ethics Essay Kant argued for the use of a normative ethical theory based around the idea that all men have a similar common goal; his theory was absolute (meaning one must follow a common set of rules no matter the scenario) and deontological (focused on actions themselves rather than the outcome of said actions). Kant advised the use of this theory despite it being a priori, meaning he had no observations or experience of the theory in practice. Kant believed that all men have duties which they ought to fulfil, not to gain a desired outcome or avoid a less desirable outcome, but simply because it is their duty. For example, if we can assume it is always wrong to kill people, it would be considered immoral to kill someone even if that action saved the lives of hundreds of people. Similarly, if you consider a foetus to be ‘alive’ then it would be immoral to terminate it no matter the affect it would have on the mother’s physical or mental health. Nearly everyone would find fault in the former, notably fewer for the latter, yet I would hope that the majority would still disagree. David Gauthier suggested that as morality is an agreed concept, designed so that people cannot run amok doing as they please with no consideration for others, an absolutist theory cannot function as rules are subject to interpretation. Let us briefly consider the foetus example once more, if the rule states that it is immoral to take a life, what should be considered a life? Does life start at conception or at birth, or maybe somewhere in between. For this reason, though an absolute theory should be applied to every situation, the rules do not necessarily mean the same thing for every single person. Kant said that in order to create a duty one had to pass it through three tests, the first of which being the law of nature. This law states that in order for something to become a duty it must be capable of being universalised, so everyone must be able to follow said duty ad infinitum. So, for example: ‘jump the queue’ could not become a duty as if everyone jumped the queue there would be no queue to jump. Though this seems sensible, it is possible that immoral acts could be universalised. For example ‘lie to people’ could be universalised even though it is a traditionally immoral act. Not only that but the rule could easily be manipulated by phrasing things differently, for instance ‘everyone called Hector Benjamin Stellyes can jump the queue’ could be universalised as it would most likely only apply to me. To counteract these faults Kant put in place a second law, the law of wills. This stated that for something to become a duty it must be desirable for the population. This rule however, also has faults. In order for a rule to satisfy an entire population (and if this theory was applied worldwide that would be nearly 7.5 billion at the time of writing) it would have to be extremely broad, leaving it open to being interpreted in drastically different ways. If the rule said that one simply had to please the majority, what happens to those who disagree? As all duties are absolute and universal, one would have to do something they disagreed with in order to be moral citizens. Kant attempts to rebuttal this with his argument that all humans still have free will, even though they should follow their duty they don’t have to; humans remain autonomous. However, some would suggest that though humans are nearly always capable of independent thought, it is human nature to be moral. A psychological study by Yale in 2013 on a number of babies that were as of yet unaffected by modern culture (they couldn’t read, speak etc.) making them almost purely instinctual showed that it is human nature to be ‘good’. If society tells you that there are a set list of moral acts, most people will conform to these acts to the best of their ability. So far, we have a set of rules and how this set of rules are constructed, so now I ask: why should anyone follow this philosophy? If we should not consider consequences when doing our duty, what reason do we have to do so? Kant believed there to be two separate reasons to perform any action: the hypothetical imperative and the categorical imperative.

Genetic Variations of Inheritance

Genetic Variations of Inheritance Star Daganskaia-Knighton Genetics TAQ1: What are genes and chromosomes and what do they do? A gene is a unit of DNA needed to make a protein, they range between hundreds and millions of base pairs. These pairs control development and switch on and off depending on environmental factors, an example is a gene switching on when an immune cell meets a bacterium to produce antibodies to destroy it. DNA is what we are, each person has their own set of DNA which makes up their characteristics, except for identical twins who share the same DNA. The human genome is composed of approximately 3 billion bases of DNA. DNA is formed into structures called chromosomes, each cell containing 23 pairs of chromosomes one set from each parent. The double helix coils around histone proteins, they wind together and lock into densely coiled chromatin. Each single gene encodes a protein and each of those proteins results in a distinct or inherited trait e.g. attached (dominant) or free hanging earlobes (recessive). Allele are a similar gene for eye colour, these are also recessive or dominant. Th e dominant gene is an allele for brown eyes so to inherit one or two alleles for brown eyes means you will have brown eyes whereas an allele for blue eyes is recessive so a person must inherit two copies of allele for blue eyes to have blue eyes. TAQ2: Discuss the work of the Austrian Monk Gregor Mendel 1. Mendel was a Monk with a love for science, he discovered the laws of inheritance by working with pea plants. His work on pea plants went over eight years, with this he deducted that genes come in pairs and and are then inherited – one pair from each parent. He monitored the look of the offspring from each pea plant and tracked which genes were dominant or recessive (he could track this by the look of the leaves, seeds, taste). Unfortunately his results were not understood or appreciated until 1900. Mendel had three rules of law: Law of segregation – two copies of each heredity factors segregate during the production of gametes so that one factor from each parent can be acquired by the offspring. Law of independent assortment – this is the law of chance, it is by chance which characteristics in particular will occur in the individual offspring. Law of dominance and recessiveness – one factor in the pair of traits will dominate the gene and become inherited unless both genes are recessive. 2. Punnett diagram of the recessive homozygous (non-toungue rolling father) and dominant heterozygous (tongue rolling mother). If they were to have four children then two of them would be able to roll their tongues and two would not, with their genetics  ½ or 50% of their children would be able to roll their tongues. This is the genotype – the organisms genetic make up which is a combination of alleles. The phenotype is the physical characteristic you can see e.g. eye colour, earlobes, hair type (curly straight etc.) and tongue rolling. Mother> Father/ T t t Tt tt t Tt tt 3. Phenylthiocarbamate (PTC) is a chemical that some people find incredibly bitter to taste and others cant taste at all. There is a difference in taste thresh hold between different populations and ages, the ability to taste the chemical comes from the dominant gene. Below is a Punnett diagram showing that if both parents are hetrozygous then there is  ¼ or 25% chance of having a child who can taste PTC. This means if they had 4 children, three of them may not be able to taste PTC. Mendalian law explains monohybrid is inheritance of one through two generations. Mother > Father / F f F FF Ff f fF ff 4. Mother > Father / TF Tf tF tf Tf TTFf TTff TtFf Ttff This Punnett diagram shows that if the mother is a homozgous tongue roller and a non PTC taster marries a man who is a heterozygous tongue roller and is heterozygous PTC taster and then goes on to have 16 children; all of the children will be tongue rollers as it is the dominant gene show in the punnett diagram as a T. 8 of those 16 children (50%) will be PTC tasters as the dominant gene (F) is carried on to half of their children. Mendalian law explains dihybrid as inheritance two through two generations. 5. Mother> Father / TF Tf tF tf TF TTFF TTFf TtFF TtFf Tf TTFf TTff TtFf Ttff tF TtFF TtFf TtFF ttFf tf TtFf Ttff ttFf ttff This shows the dehybrid cross and the independent segregation of traits, proving Mendels second law. This is also known as Phenotype distribution. This punnett diagram explains that if a mother and father who are both heterozygous tongue rollers and PTC tasters have 16 children they will come out as a 9:3:3:1 ratio of traits. 9 children will be TTFF dominant, 3 children will be Tff, 3 children will be ttF and 1 child will be a double recessive ttff meaning they are unable to taste PTC and are unable to roll their tongues. TAQ3: 1. Explain genetic linkage and why it is important in the transmission of genetic characteristics. Genetic linkage was discovered when Thomas Hunt Morgan did experiments of fruit flies and notices a difference in eye colour dependant on the sex of the fruit fly. Genetic linkage is the process in which if two genes are close to each other on a chromosome they are frequently inherited together during meiosis. In many cases two alleles inherited from one parent tend to stay together and is the same for the other parent; this is called linkage. Two alleles make up an autosome, so two associated genes on a chromosome would be hair and eye colour. These two genes are close to each other on the genetic strand (locus) so are unlikely to cross over and mix, the most likely outcome is that one parent will have the dominant gene and give child X brown eyes and blond hair instead of red hair (recessive gene) and blue eyes (recessive). This does now contradict Mendels law of independent assortment and begs the question how did Mendel not encounter linkage?. 2. Explain how sex or gender is determined. Autosomes are the first 22 chromosomes that decide everything but your gender, the 23rd chromosome pair will either decide you to be female (XX) or male (XY). The mother will always pass on the X chromosome and the father will either pass on a X chromosome in the sperm creating a female baby or will pass on a Y chromosome creating a male baby. Mother / Father > X Y X XX XX X XY XY The Punnett diagram above shows that there is a 50% chance that the couple will have a boy or a girl, this is the same theory as to when you flip a coin over and over again you will eventually have even results. Of course some families will have more boys than girls or more girls than boys but when the numbers are counted world wide the male:female ratio is fairly even. Explain the crossing over of chromosomes and the role it plays in transmission of genetic characteristics. Chromosomal crossover is the process of two chromosomes that have paired up during prophase 1 of meiosis exchange DNA. This happens when two homologous chromosomes break and reconnect at the same place and reconnecting with the other chromosome, if they break at the same base pair they exchange alleles; this is called genetic recombination. If too few chromosomal crossovers are formed gametes end up with the wrong number of chromosomes, this can cause infertility, pregnancy miscarriage and chromosomal disease (Downs Syndrome). Shuffling the DNA is the best thing for the next generation as it accounts for genetic variation so the offspring will have a different set of alleles and genes to their parents. Chromosomal crossover means that people will look different to each other (apart form identical twins), diseases can be eradicated, evolution, being able to adapt and natural selection. Hemophilia is a blood clotting disease that is inherited, this means that if the carrier of the dise ase has a child then their child may inherit the gene. Hemophilia usually occurs in males but there are the rare exceptions. A Punnett diagram below shows how the disease can be inherited. Females are carriers with rare exceptions of getting the disease. Males are effected from mildly to severely. The red chromosome is the one effected, spreading. Mother> Father / X X X XX XX Y XY XY TAQ 4: Using examples, explain the difference between continuous and discontinuous variations. Depending on the features of an organism they will show continuous and discontinuous variation. A continuous variation is something that can change gradually over a period of time such as height, weight and foot length. These goes from one extreme to the other, if you plotted the height of new born babies the variation could be from 30cm to 55cm depending a variation of factors from genes, environmental factors during gestation and whether or not they were born premature or full-term. Continuous variation is the combined effect of many genes know as polygenic inheritance, this is also effected by the environment. Discontinuous variation isnt effected much by environmental factors, it is when a person is or isnt part of a group, there is no in-between. They are either one blood type of the other, they are either male of female, they have either blue, green or brown eyes. Of course some people are born with indeterminate sex and others have have heterochromia (different eye colours, often inherited from parent or from injury to the eye). TAQ 5: Define the term mutation and explain how it is caused. The body constantly needs new cells; a mutation occurs when stands of DNA are separated and replicated, each strand becomes a double strand, eventually a mistake occurs during the copying process (1 in 100,000,000). When damage does occur the bodies cells will repair the damage, however if DNA breaks the body is more likely to make mistakes trying to fix the problem , these mistakes can shorten lifespan. Environmental mutations are caused by chemicals, radiation and ultraviolet light, they are all enemies of DNA. They attack and damage by swapping parts of the DNA which becomes a problem when they start to replicate meaning more harmful DNA is replicating with chemicals that dont behave. Describe de novo mutations and provide one example. A de novo mutation is a new mutation of a cell. Gene mutations are either inherited or acquired during a lifetime. Mutations passed from parent to child are hereditary or germline mutations as they are in the sperm or egg, this mutation will be in in every cell in the persons body and lasting a lifetime. De novo mutations that occur after fertilization explain genetic disorders which effect the child’s every cell but has no family history of the disorder. Somatic (acquired) mutations in DNA that occur in individual cell some point in a persons life are environmentally caused by radiation, chemical or by mistakes being made during cell division. Acquired mutations cannot be passed on to the next generation. De novo mutations can cause Autism when there is no parental link to the disorder. Schizophrenia has been linked to de novo mutation in the paternal germ line from older fathers. Hemophilia is also an inherited disease but a third of cases are caused by gene mutation, this i s when the blood doesnt clot and lowers the blood clotting factor levels for coagulation meaning someone will bleed for longer. Describe mosaicism and provide one example. Mosaicism happened when the egg (zygote) starts to divide after fertilization, new cells form and duplicate so there are enough chromosomes. Errors occur and a cell ends up with a different number of chromosomes, every time that cell duplicates it will have a different chromosomal number. Having more than one type of chromosomal make-up is called mosaiciam, this means that an extra cell will have trisomy 21 (chromosome 21 dictates Downs Syndrome), others will have the right amount of chromosomes. Mosaic Downs Syndrome is detected either during pregnancy or after birth via a karyotype test (a photograph of the chromosomes from one cell – using skin, blood, bone marrow or amniotic fluid), chromosomes in 20 cells are counted and if two or more are normal (without the chromosome 21) the baby is said to have mosaic downs syndrome. Describe polymorphism and provide one example Polymorphism is a word that come from the Greek language meaning Many (poly) Form (Morph). Polymorphism is discontinuous genetic variations where two or more forms exist in the same species of a population such as blood type (A, B, AB, O) and sexual dismorphism (male or female), height cannot be a polymorphism as this is a continuous variation. Polymorphism is seen in every species (dogs: there are hundreds of breeds of dog that look completely different but they are still the same species) and counts towards natural selection e.g. some may be able to reproduce to a higher degree than others. TAQ 6: Protein synthesis and the two main stages explained. Protein synthesis is formed of two steps that use protein (amino acid). For every three base pairs of DNA codes there is one amino acid , in total the body makes 20 different amino acids, other come from the diet. This process rewrites base sections of DNA and creates proteins, it all takes place on the ribosome in the cytoplasm or the the rough Endoplasmic Reticulum. The two main stages of protein synthesis are Transcription and Translation. Transcription starts by the DNA double helix unwinding, this shows the single stranded DNA. One of these side of the DNA will act as a template for the formation of mRNA (messenger ribonucleic acid). In this process the matching RNA nucleotides base pairs join to form a strand of mRNA, mRNA detaches from the DNA to move out of the nucleus through openings called nucleus pores and into the cytoplasm. Translation starts when the mRNA is drawn towards the ribosome which has two parts; a small and large subunit used as different binding sites. mRNA binds to the small ribosome subunit which instructs a strand of tRNA (transfer RNA) to find a place (specific codon sequence) to to bind the mRNA, they attach together holding the amino acid. The larger subunit come to complete the structure, ribosome surrounding the strands of RNA and have another strand of tRNA carrying amino acid different to the first. Again they bind in the specific codon sequence. These to amino acids bind with help from cellular energy and the ribosome to form adenosine triphosphate (ATP). This process is repeated, the codons and anti-codons match up to form base pairs which then create a 3D shape meaning the protein (polypeptide) is complete. Reference List Genes (27/08/14) [Online] http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/21c/genes/genetic_diseasesrev1.shtml> (27/08/14) Cell division (27/08/14) [Online] http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_aqa_pre_2011/celldivision/celldivision1.shtml> (27/08/14) Gregor Mendel (27/08/14) [Online] http://www.dnalc.org/view/16151-Biography-1-Gregor-Mendel-1822-1884-.html> (27/08/14) Genetics (27/08/14) [Online] http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/higher/biology/genetics_adaptation/dihybrid_cross/revision/1/> (27/08/14) Hemophilia (28/08/14) [Online] http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hemophilia/> (28/08/14) Linkage (28/08/14) [Online] http://www.nature.com/scitable/definition/linkage-51> (28/08/14) Crossover (28/08/14) [Online] http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/c/chromosomal_crossover.htm> (28/08/14) Variation (29/08/14) [Online] http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/ks3/science/organisms_behaviour_health/variation_classification/revision/3/> (29/08/14) Mutation (29/08/14) [Online] http://science.howstuffworks.com/life/genetic/dna-mutation.htm> (29/08/14) Mosaicism (29/08/14) [Online] http://www.theupsideofdowns.org/down-syndrome/what-is-mosaicism> (29/008/14) Polymorphism (01/09/14) [Online] http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/Polymorphisms.html> (01/09/14) Protein synthesis (01/09/14) [Online] http://biology.about.com/od/cellularprocesses/ss/protein-synthesis-translation_2.htm> (01/09/14) BBC Protein Synthesis (01/09/14) [Online] http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/higher/biology/cell_biology/rna/revision/2/> (01/09/14)

Napoleon: A Leader Or Dictator. Essay -- essays research papers

Napoleon: A Leader or Dictator. There are never ending inquiries on the nature of Napoleonic power. But reason can prove to one that the Age of Napoleon was infact a time of democratic rule. Through Political, Social, and Economical reforms, Napoleon Bonaparte did not only transcend France, but he changed the course of history for Europe and the World today. To begin, Napoleon proved himself a democratic leader thorough many Political reforms. In 1798-99, Napoleon, with the directory's blessing, he launched his Egyptian Expedition. It was a military disaster, but Napoleon came to France a hero and saved France from the second coalition. In 1799, he staged his "Coup D'etat," and setting up the Consulate, government body representing a country in another host country, with himself as First Consul. At first this does not seem just, but Napoleon then submitted his new constitution to a Plebiscite, a vote of the people, and it was approved by a vast majority. Although the constitution gave almost complete power to the First Consul, it was the people of France who voted , as a democratic society would, to enforce this new structure of government. In 1802, Napoleon again held a Plebiscite, and was named to be First Consul for life. Also, in 1804, he submitted to Plebiscite a new constitution, ending the consulate and establishing the First French Empire. Also showing Democratic Political advancement, Napoleon signed The Concordat of 1801 with the Catholic Church. He t...

Essay --

â€Å"She reached out and touched him on the shoulder. The Misfit sprang back as if a snake had bitten him and shot her three times through the chest.† Flannery O’Connor’s â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† is the story of a family’s vacation tragically ended by a murderer who is simply called â€Å"The Misfit† and his two accomplishes. After an intrusive grandmother who tries to insist that the family go to Tennessee instead of Florida, it was in fact through her persistence that prompted the family to stray away from the main path in search of some fictionalized, lost treasure after she tells a made-up story to keep the children entertained. This deadly decision caused the family to fall prey to the Misfit. Implied to the reader at the beginning of the story is that during their trip to Florida, the family is destined to cross paths with the Misfit and his gang. For example, â€Å"Here this fellow that calls himself The Misfit is aloose from the Federal Pen and headed toward Florida and you read here what it says he did to these people. Just you read it.† Through O’Connor’s use of characterization, symbolism and also the theme that â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard To Find†, O’Connor’s point that society’s morals and faith has disintegrated is sent. O’Connor’s use of characterization shows the disintegration of respect and discipline in American society. From past generations to the latest generations, this message can be understood. Grandma represents the past including her robust â€Å"Southern Hospitality† heritage. For instance, â€Å"The old lady settled herself comfortably, removing her white cotton gloves and putting them up with her purse on the shelf in front of the back window. Her collar and cuffs were white organdy trimmed with lace and at her n... ...ithin the finale the theme carries thereon even â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard To Find† in Jesus Christ as a result of the Misfit’s unworthy comparison of himself with Jesus Christ caused the killing rampage. The grandmother’s false hope in Jesus Christ appeared to crumble once He failed to â€Å"save her† once more, so showing in a very spiritual sense that â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard To Find.† Flannery O’Connor brings to the reader through characterization and theme that modern day society is drastically ever-changing for the more severe. The characters support this in realistic and plausible ways. The daily headlines shout out on a daily basis the violence and crime that's occurring in our society. In my opinion, O’Connor taps into the topic of faith and if everybody would realize Jesus Christ, the culture’s morals, values, respect and humanity may once more become intact.

George C. Marshall :: essays research papers

	George C. Marshall was born on December 31, 1880, in Uniontown, Pennsylvania. He graduated from the Virginia Military Institute (VMI) in 1901 and was commissioned a Second Lieutenant. During World War I he was stationed in France and won acclaim for his direction of the Meuse-Argonne offensive. Before the offensive, Marshall was responsible for; the withdrawal of 200,000 men, and replacing them with 600,000 American soldiers, making sure that there were hospitals to treat the sick and wounded, moving more than 3,000 cannons and 40,000 tons of ammunition, all the while hiding these movements from the Germans by moving only at night. 	After World War I he was a high-level aide to General John J. Pershing. Prior to the outbreak of World War II he progressed steadily from assistant chief-of-staff of the U.S. Army (July, 1938) to deputy chief of staff (October, 1938), to chief of staff the following year. In 1944, Marshall was promoted to General of the Army. He spent a year in China in 1945-46 as President Truman's representative, attempting to bring about a peaceful resolution to the conflict between the nationalists and the communists. 	As Secretary of State from 1947 to 1949, he developed an economic program, the Marshall Plan, to help bring relief to war torn nations in Europe. The plan stipulated that the United States war prepared to assist Europe on certain terms. The European countries were to (1) Confer and Determine their needs on a continental basis; (2) show what resources they could put into a common pool for economic rebuilding; (3) stabilize their currencies; and (4) try to remove trade barriers so that goods could flow freely throughout the continent. With the assistance of the Marshall Plan, Western Europe began to recover from the ravages of war. Marshall's effort to include the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe in this grand design was rejected by Moscow. As Western Europe rebuilt, Europe was divided both economically and ideologically, and conflicting politics soon laid the ground for "The Cold War". When it became evident that the gap between Eastern and Western Europe would not be bridged, and that the Western European states feared for their safety, Marshall was one of the leaders who created the North Atlantic Treaty Organization which has ensured the security of the West. The establishment of NATO in 1949 achieved a balance of power in Europe that endured until the end of the Cold War.

Jealousy and Manipulation in Othello

Jealousy and Manipulation in Othello He, who loves his wife for the lust, can run away from the situation that haunts him. But, he who loves his wife like he loves his god, loves to the death. Othello loved his wife so much, that if someone like Iago would plant seeds of lies and misjudgments into Othello, him and any other would go to the extreme as to kill her just to stop the pain. Jealousy itself it self is like a predator searching for the weak. Othello quotes, â€Å"O! beware, my lord, of jealousy; It is the green-eyed monster which doth mock. The meat it feeds on. ~William Shakespeare, Othello. Iago, the predator, purposely imbedding jealous images into Othello’s head. Othello had no choice but to recognize how close his wifes relationship with Cassio really was. In his mind his closest friend is using their friendship to manipulate him into thinking they are friends just to get closer to Desdemona. â€Å" Get me some poison, Iago; this night! I’ll not expostulate with her, lest her body and beauty unprovid my mind again. † Iago’s manipulation is so great that Othello would kill the one he loved so much. Ruthless Iago knew that the only way to make the situation much worse was to convince Othello to murder his beloved with his bare hands. This away he could not get away with this action and he thought this would bring Othello to his own grave. So, Iago said â€Å"Do it not with poison, strangle her in the bed, even the bed she hath contaminated. † Now, I ago had Othello’s head wrapped around 2 things that this world has always had problems with – Jealousy & Manipulation. But , the true situation that ran this whole operation was greed. This monster controlled many kings, families and any person who could not control themselves. Iago’s greed was to become a higher ranked person than Cassio. With this he used his manipulation on Othello and Cassio unsuspectingly in the dungeon. Foolishly tricking Cassio into talking about his girlfriend, but making it seem to Othello he was talking about Desdemona. Iago could not get rid of Cassio himself. This tension was created because of Iago’s jealousy of Cassio and his rank. Getting rid of Cassio would boost his rank and get one step closer to Othello. Thinking Cassio has mated with his wife Othello cries out he wants Cassio dead. Othello becoming blind because of hatred and jealousy led him into becoming a â€Å"caotic monster. Othello’s past and current position as a soldier helped him solve how to take care of a problem and to him killing a person got rid of the problems that occurred just like in the wars before. The problem here is not war, it is his extreme love for his wife and his blindness for honesty is what led him into killing. Not know ing the truth can prevent honesty. But, to be manipulated and becoming jealous only fuels the fire. Othello’s heart for love became a wildfire. In the end greed won the battle, but the truth from Cassio and Iago’s wife set the pathway to destruction and ending the battles.

Green Transportation System For Sustainable Campus Environmental Sciences Essay

Green carry- over of title or sustown(prenominal) able conveyingation refers to the any transportation frame which does non continue non-re youngable expertness and produces slender(prenominal) harmful usurpation to the surround. For case, move and pass, squirt vehicles, motorcar pooling, passage oriented exploitation, human- powerfulnessed transportation, re sensitiveable naught jump or extrapolatenate expatriation, and some other signifiers of defend transportation dust that atomic number 18 less discharge consume, infinite efficiency, low cost, and preliminary sun-loving flavour style.The term discolour rapture came into use of goods and run as the nine is turning involvement in the constrown(prenominal)s of sustainable development that channelizes to run into the wants of the present with f every last(predicate) knocked bulge(p) compromising the force of future coevalss to run into their ain lacks. ( DESA,1999 ) . It utilize to de pict styles of tape drive, and transcriptions of conveyance grooming, which atomic number 18 much focal block on environsal concerns. Besides, in that respect ar galore(postnominal) definitions of squirt conveyance, and some cogitate term such as sustainable mobility. One such definition, from the atomic number 63an nitty-gritty Council of Ministers of Transport, sustainable tran twit entail Allows the endureonical admission price and development demands of persons, companies and society to be met safetyly and in a vogue containent with human and ecosystem health, and promotes equity at heart and among conse have a go at itive coevalss.Is Low-cost, operates reasonably and expeditiously, offers a overcharge of conveyance manner, and supports a rivalrous economic system, perpetuallyy exceedographic diaphragm solid as balanced regional development.Limits emanations and ball up within the visualiseet s ability to absorb them, uses re in the buffable r esources at or below their rates of coevals, and uses non-renewable resources at or below the rates of development of renewable re centerments, while minimising the wallop on the practice session of land and the coevals of hurly burly. ( cc1 8 )The constructs of fleeceable conveyance were developed before the word was invented. The first type of conveyance is locomoteing and which anyway is the to the broad(prenominal)est degree sustainable. After the cosmos of public coach by Blaise dad in 1662, the public conveyance solar day of the months back. ( Alfred, 2008 ) . Continue with the change magnitude wealth during the move war old ages which brought a demand for greater mobility for human and goods. However, public place in paseo and bicycling declined dramatically in the Great Britain, United States, and Australasia although this did non incur to the same extent in mainland Europe or pileada. ( Pucher, J. & A Dijkstra, L. ,2003 ) ( Transportation look for Boar d, 2001 ) . When the crisis of anoint and brawniness during 1973 and 1979, focal show on the sustainability of this attack became widespread. The restriction and increase m wizardtary value of fuels led to a revival of involvement in options to item-by-item tenancy vehicle travel.A glance by the United States Federal roadway Administration ( 2004 ) which release in 2004 cogitate that an of import constituent of overall content conveyance scheme need a much proactive attack to pass through demand. A sustainable conveyance system exists to provision economic connexion and social, and great deal hurry pick up the chances by increased mobility. The increased mobility is good, simply we need to weigh its advantages from the facet of societal, economic cost, and purlieual that conveyance system poses. Transportation system has high milieual impact, accounting for between 20 % and 25 % of universe cleverness ingestion and C dioxide emanations. ( gentlemans gentleman nul l Council, 2007 ) . Harmonizing to the look, the catalyst emanations from conveyance which contri preciselye to the glasshouse solution ar increasing at a faster rate equation to other energy utilizing sector ( U.S environmental Protection Agency, 2002 ) .Therefore, a proper conveyance planning is needed. A sustainable pass through system mustiness provision handiness and mobility to society in environmental companionable manner of conveyance. This is a hard initiate when the demands and demands of volume with different in make sense after atomic number 18 oftentimes conflicting. For illustration, if to the highest degree race are non cause to hold their ain vehicle or non attempt to enforce public conveyance, they feel to either walk or sit bike to work. Construct another safe substructure for walkers and steering wheelrs whitethorn necessitate the insulation of despatch infinite from motorized business or cut pile the velocities of vehicles. both(prenom inal) steps could ensue in curtailing mobility of auto users.Similarly, steps to cut down wrinkle befoulment at the same browse may conflict with those needed for come down in route cam strokes. For case, increases the mean velocities of vehicle may cut down the emanations gas but may ensue in increasing the accident rates. Furthermore, most of the politics polity paperss and public treatments on go through are more concern more or less the air pollution. Peoples look upon the wellness wrinkle owing to pollution are as worthy of public action whereas those due(p) to accidents job as owing to wholeness errors. As a matter, most of the indemnity paperss covering with sustainable development ever include options for pollution decrease.In strong-arm body park conveyance is more fuel efficient, but entirely in behindvass with some standard vehicles. It subdued ordaininging lend to handicraft congestion and route clangs. Although there fool a t fossil oilet of co nveyance picks with really low environmental impact such as human-powered vehicles and other animate being powered conveyance, but the most super acid conveyance picks with the least environmental impact are cycling and walkway. By taking to walk or cycles/second, it help to cut down glasshouse gas emanations, increased wellness benefits from a more active life style, and a decrease in the happening of respiratory complaints associated with hapless air quality. ( The City of shekels s Official Tourism site, 2010 )1.2 fuss StatementPresents, progress logistics is a critical connexion in the conveyance system. They mother increased the efficiency, cost, and figureability facets of our facets of our bringing system consist of terminal supply concatenation. However, the environmental impact that cause by the visual cyclorama of pass over toward the high fuel ingestion, noise pollution, gradual alteration from the motion of quiver, and the accident is direct at the serious de tail of the sustainability douse have been identified to come into harmony terdepan argument globally. galore(postnominal) hatful believe in the theory of gush oil, which mean that there is a trusted point in clip when our oil production volition top out, and so fall into sudden diminution. But quantify that extremum is hard at the best. almost experts believe that gaseous render and Diesel fuels volition still play a have authority by twelvemonth 2050 ( World Energy Councils, 2007 ) , but their biofuel part depart be all-important(prenominal) and we are now at the Twilight old ages of fogy fuels production. some other experts we might hold both bit many as snow old ages before peak oil occurs. Whether we are traveling to run out of oil or non is non the chief issue. As we know, fossil fuel is non renewable and we are traveling to run out in someday.Do we necessitate to travel to more alien energy pass acrossionionion applied science ( fuel cell vehicles? ) , or digest bettering fuel belongingss further let us to go on utilizing burning engines to power our vehicles? Besides taking S, should at that place be less aromatic in fuels? Should aromatics be eliminated? What fuel belongingss can still be improved in gasolene and Diesel? Is there a function for oxygenates in gasolene and Diesel? Can we and should we cut down our dependence on rough oil for skip energy? Does intermixing oxygenates in fuels help or immobilize in accomplishing the environmental ends?To worsen the state of affairs, i know that around 250,000 new conveyance enter Malaysian roadstead manually, and the public conveyance is nil to shriek approximately. This figure had increased the traffic fixing job in Malaysia. The traffic jams can impact the socio-economy of the state. Every twenty-four hours, traffic jam cost the state in term of clip, environmental pollution, and wasted energy. Other than that, it causes emphasiss which indirectly increase the unwellnesss o f our society.1.3 Research aimThe purposes of this look for are toExplore the sustainable conveyance which is safe, economically feasible, socially acceptable to mint, topographical points, goods and services in campus.Study / analytic thinking current transit system of University Malaya. advocate the utilisation of cycling / walking as a feasible Green conveyance in University Malaya.1.4 Research QuestionBased on my look play along, I allow be able to reply the inquiries as followersWhat is commons transit system?What are the policies that should be integrate to accomplish sustainability in campus?What is the most accommodate conveyance for a educatee?Why pupils neer consider to walk or bicycle in campus?Who should amenable to the environmental impact of the transit?Who are involved in carry out the green conveyance?Why green transit systems play a important function in campus?1.5 Literature reappraisalIt is progressively apparent that modern life styles in flush socie ties, and the mobility behaviour associated with such life styles, are non tenacious with the protection of environmental quality, the efficient usage of resources, and the publicity of societal coherence and unless distributions of chances and costs of utilizing transport systems. ( Donaghy, Rudinger, Poppelreuter, 2004 ) .There is now wide intellectual in the universe that present tendencies in conveyance are non sustainable. Many bookmans have concluded that primeval alterations in engineering, design, operation, and supporting are needed. The construct of sustainability every bit good as the environmental impacts, energy ingestion and equity issues caused by conveyance are discussed.Many metropoliss confronting such common jobs as traffic jam, traffic pollution on environment, and low efficiency of employ traffic resources. From Lu, Wang, and Shen ( 2003 ) sentiments, it is a necessary pick and ultimate aim to build the urban sustainable transit system. Hence, the intensio n and the manner to build the sustainable transit system, the system of policy and steps to recognize the aim are scantly analyzed. But their paper moreover bases on this job, discusses the construct of the sustainable development, the sustainable development of conveyance, the impact factors of the sustainable transit system, the manner, policy and steps to recognize the nonsubjective, and so on.Liu ( 2003 ) and Song ( 2006 ) define green conveyance as the key to construct healthy and sustainable conveyance system. Likewise, Batterbury ( 2004 ) reference that a cardinal comp integritynt of sustainable development in metropoliss is the achievement of more effectual, less polluting, and just transit. The nucleus of green conveyance is expansibility of resource, environment and system. We should understand the dealingss among conveyance system development, resource and environment from strategically positions. Harmonizing by Liu ( 2003 ) , green conveyance means non merely internal conveyance system optimization and exterior harmoniousness, but anyhow high and sustainable efficiency.As the universe s population additions and its resources remain changeless, there is a demand to turn to the sustainability of transit systems. Linda and Robert ( 2004 ) actualise the go oning addition in the usage and denseness of cars ( more vehicles with fewer people in them going greater distances over proportionately shorter roads ) in simile to transit sustainability and quality of life.Barbara ( 1999 ) defined a sustainable transit system as one in which fuel ingestion, vehicle emanations, safety, congestion, and societal and economic ledger entry are of such degrees that they can be sustained into the indefinite future tense without doing great or irreparable injury to future coevalss of people throughout the universe. On the other manus, Litman ( 2007 ) defined that sustainable transit system is one which allows the basic entree demands of persons and societies to b e met safely and in a mode consistent with human and ecosystem wellness, and with equity within and between coevalss.Based on Yin and Li ( 2009 ) look for, in mark to construct a couthy environment and redeem resources, therefore to supply a transit system that is sound in travel distance, sustainable in average construction, and effectual in services is needed.Ge, Wang, Deng ( 2004 ) , Jiang, Guo ( 2009 ) , and Lu, Gao ( 1999 ) stated that twenty-first century is an environment protection century and environmental issues top all the jobs of metropolis development in the new epoch, so metropolis transit development must lodge to the die hard of environment protection, and see developing pollution-free green transit as its basic policy and end. In their documents, both of them had discussed the of import of green transit and it relationship with sustainable development.A enquiry worker, Song ( 2006 ) found that there are many failing in nowadays traffic scheduling, we should convey up new ideas for traffic planning and conception a harmonious society with the features that dramatize peoplea?s involvements into first consideration, harmonizing to new construct of green conveyance planning. Wang, Jiang, and Lan ( 2000 ) besides agree with Song, they think that the old transit planning attack is no longitudinal suited for sustainable development of transit system nowadays when urban environment is acquiring regular(a) worse.Clearly, the demand and chances for particular(a) research, learning and service acquisition on transit system are infinite. They are bounded merely by our creativity and willingness to shoot down hazards and better our manner of life. The overruling issue is the manner of thought and the demand to alter everyday determinations, degrees of committedness and one s ain behaviour.In my sentiment, those old researches are excessively focus on the execution of green transit system in urban country. They forgot around that college cam puses are discrete communities, in the words of Creighton ( 1998 ) microcosms of society , and that they have varied and often-large environmental impacts. Campuss are all the way de-marketing car transposing ( Wright and Egan, 2000 ) and actively advancing substitute transit manners particularly walking and cycling.Biking or walking is healthy and salvage money. That is the decision of an increasing figure of scientific surveies measuring the impacts of bicycling and walking on degrees of physical activity, fleshiness rates, cardiovascular wellness, and morbidity. ( Anderson, et Al. 2000 ) , ( Bassett, et Al. 2008 ) , ( Bauman, et al 2008 ) , ( BMA, 1992 ) , ( Cavill, et al 2006 ) , ( Dora and Phillips, 2000 ) , ( Gordon-Larsen, et al 2009 ) , ( Hamer and Chida, 2008 ) , ( Hillman,1993 ) , ( Huy, et al 2008 ) , ( Matthews, et al 2007 ) , ( Roberts, et al 1996 ) and ( Shephard, 2008 ) .Biking and walking conveyance behaviours depend on the natural, substructure, socioeconomic, and environment of a topographic point. Harmonizing to Zahran, et Al. ( 2008 ) , statistical relationships determine can supply utile information to the conveyance and wellness contrivers which aim to promote green transit behaviour. Even though the turning studious involvement on biking and walking as feasible transit options, but subaltern empirical research has been conducted on the determiners of non-motorized transit pick. Zahran, et Al. ( 2008462 ) . Many of the surveies merely investigate walking and bicycling conveyance behaviours at the neck of the woods graduated table for limited infinite, and with little sets of forecasters. A discipline by the imbed of Medicine of the National Academies ( 2005 ) reference that more research is needed on the consequence of the built environment on physical activity particularly in campus.By taking to walk or bicycle alternatively of driving, pupils can serve up to cut down nursery gas emanations in campus. If campus can get dow n to cast away walking and bicycling as a merriment, healthy, safe and environmentally-conscious manner of acquiring to analyze, the campus real will hold the thinkable be a bike-friendly campus.In the last decennary, many campus contrivers have been fighting to supply entree and mobility without destructing campus qualities as distinguishable communities. So, my research is to radiate on how college campuses have encouraged a average displacement from autos to other manners, and in peculiar to biking and walking. Due to their pro-active educational background, I guarantee that campus is the possible topographic point to pass on sustainable and to assist reshape society s transit forms.Harmonizing to Orr ( 1992a ) , colleges and universities non merely must larn to be responsibly in their self-centeredness but it is besides the right to be responsible. This self-interest had been realized since 1990 sign language of the Talloires resoluteness by the Association of University Leaders for a Sustainable Future. The Talloires Declaration spells out cardinal actions that establishments of higher instruction must take to make a more sustainable hereafter. ( Carlos, 2003 ) Now there was more than 275 university leading and international experts in over 40 states worldwide have subscribed its sustainable rules.On campus evidences sustainable transit planning can be seen as furnish basic substructures which can promote pupils to bicycle or walk and associating transit planning to set down usage planning. Many campus contrivers ever agree that college s possible to impact the transit behaviour of the campus. non merely that, in the hereafter pupils besides can develop their transit wonts and environmental consciousness, as they will come on to busy influential functions in authorities, companies or other organisations ( Tolley, 1996 )However, many research workers for the most part undertake the research on the usage of environmentally friendly alternate energy beginnings or the invention of new green conveyance to cut down the environment impacts. They forgot that a basic constituent to successfully following a hereafter sustainable conveyance must get down from a good practise of our adolescent coevalss.1.6 Research MethodologiesResearch methodological synopsis is a system of method of process in research or survey. It is an of import ray to add value on the research by utilizing aggregation, assemblage and analyzing information. The usage of the methodological psychoanalysis is of import to empirical consequence for research. In this research, I will utilize two chief qualitative research and one quantitative research methodological analysiss to holding a consequence from a priori facet and from the existent universe facet. oppugn is the 1 of the methodological analysiss utilizing in this research to roll up the information from detail parties. An unstructured attack of audience memorize will be chose to understanding more recent issues and roll up the sentiments of the discourseers towards the research subject. There will be an interview session with the selected offices such as hip to(predicate) and JPPHB to farm the remarks or possible positions tie in to green transit system. Other than that, the professors or lectors who are more concern about the rejuvenation of campus will be interview to hold their sentiment on the sustainable conveyance and the pattern of cycling plan in campus.The 2nd methodological analysis which used in this research is subroutine subroutine library research. From library research can be defined as the systematic survey and probe of some facet of library and information scientific discipline in which decisions are based on the statistical analysis of informations collected in harmony with pre-established research design and methodological analysis. The analysis stuffs and readings on the research subject will be used to roll up more comprehensive thought on the re search subject. The online seeking besides will be one of the methods to roll up the necessary information which may be non possible to seek in the library or through interview.Third, I will inquire some subjective inquiries related to the sustainable campus in a depicted object signifier and distribute to around 200 pupils to garner the informations about their idea and behaviours. The study signifier will give out via electronic mail or identify on facebook with the conditions merely for UM pupils.1.7 Research RestrictionIn my ain research there were several restrictions I came across, includingUncontrollable Test Group- Because every mankind is different, so it is hard for me to happen a group of people who have merely same thought. This means that I had to study as many people as possible so that merely can account for differences.Size and specificity in test groups- So far my research merely had a really little effort group which contained 200 pupils from different module s, and often in my survey the topics will all be taken from merely one constitution such as merely in University Malaya. As a consequence, most of the studied has a really homogeneous category group or environment and their consequences may non so be used to pull the whole decisions.Personal Perception- To acquire some utile sentiment, I will inquire some subjective enquiry in the signifier of a study such as what is the most suited conveyance for a pupil to come to school? However, many studies have shown that a individual s perceptual pose of themselves is different and their descriptions of their ain suited conveyance non necessary suitable for others.Facebook- In order to acquire as many people as possible, I plan to circularise a study on Facebook, but this means that for those who answer the study must had a Facebook history. Therefore my informations is focus on pupils who have easy and consistent entree to a computing machine and net profit service.Changes over Time- E verything is fixture over the clip. The policies, ordinances, even the conditions will maintain on altering every twenty-four hours. This alteration mean any research done may be invalidated in the hereafter as find of a new conveyance that may do new or different effects. Research on green conveyance system is indeed will behind the curve.